Cardiff Wikipedia. Cardiff. Dinas a Sir Caerdydd. City and County of Cardiff. City County. Motto Y ddraig goch ddyry cychwynThe red dragon will lead the wayCity and County of Cardiffand inset within Wales. Coordinates 5. 12. N31. 1W 5. 1. N 3. W 5. Coordinates 5. N31. 1W 5. 1. N 3. W 5. 
Read about Moroccos perfect places Time Out Travel. Welcome to Wejees, for everyday free tarot, rune, iching, past life and numerology readings, free daily horoscopes, free psychic ability test, free Wicca magick. Irreligious libertines discuss the weeks news with a somewhat unruly congregation. Compared to many Welsh towns, Newports economy had a broad base, with foundries, engineering works, a cattle market and shops that served much of Monmouthshire. Sovereign state United Kingdom. Country Wales. Region. South Wales. Ceremonial county. South Glamorgan. Historic County. Glamorgan. Local government. Cardiff Council. City status. Government Cardiff Council Leader. Signs Of The Month Continued Prayers For Healing with Aquarius Daily Love Horoscopes and Spiritual Guidance Tarot Symbolism Defintion How Compatible Are We What Is. Download free full unlimited movies There are millions of movies, videos and TV shows you can download direct to your PC. From Action, Horror, Adventure, Children. Huw Thomas Welsh Assembly UK Parliament European Parliament. Wales. Area City County. Urban. 75. 7. 2 km. Population 2. 01. City County. Density. Urban. 52. 1,7. 11 Urban density. Metro. 1,0. 97,0. Cardiff South Wales ValleysDemonymsCardiffian. Time zone. GMT UTC0 Summer DSTBST UTC1Post codes. CFArea codes0. 29. Vehicle area codes. CA, CB, CC, CD, CE, CF, CG, CH, CJ, CK, CL, CM, CN, COPolice Force. South Wales Police. Fire Service. South Wales Fire and Rescue Service. Ambulance Service. Welsh Ambulance Service. Primary Airport. Cardiff Airport. Ethnicity2. 01. 1 Census 18. White 8. 0. 3 White British8. Asian. 2. 4 Black. Mixed Race. 2. 0 Other. GDPUS 3. 6. 0 billion 2GDP per capita. US 2. 9,6. 742Website. Official Website. Cardiff listen error lang xx text has italic markup helpkairdi, kard is the capital and largest city in Wales and the eleventh largest city in the United Kingdom. The city is the countrys chief commercial centre, the base for most national cultural and sporting institutions, the Welsh national media, and the seat of the National Assembly for Wales. The unitary authority areas 2. Larger Urban Zone was estimated at 8. The Cardiff metropolitan area makes up over a third of the total population of Wales, with a 2. Cardiff is a significant tourist centre and the most popular visitor destination in Wales with 1. In 2. 01. 1, Cardiff was ranked sixth in the world in National Geographics alternative tourist destinations. The city of Cardiff is the county town of the historic county of Glamorgan and later South Glamorgan. Cardiff is part of the Eurocities network of the largest European cities. The Cardiff Urban Area covers a slightly larger area outside the county boundary, and includes the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth. A small town until the early 1. Cardiff was made a city in 1. Wales in 1. 95. 5. Since the 1. 98. 0s, Cardiff has seen significant development. A new waterfront area at Cardiff Bay contains the Senedd building, home to the Welsh Assembly and the Wales Millennium Centre arts complex. Current developments include the continuation of the redevelopment of the Cardiff Bay and city centre areas with projects such as the Cardiff International Sports Village, a BBC drama village,6 and a new business district in the city centre. Sporting venues in the city include the Principality Stadium the national stadium for the Welsh rugby union team, Sophia Gardens the home of Glamorgan County Cricket Club, Cardiff City Stadium the home of Cardiff City football team and the Wales football team, Cardiff International Sports Stadium the home of Cardiff Amateur Athletic Club, Cardiff Arms Park the home of Cardiff Blues and Cardiff RFC rugby union teams and Ice Arena Wales the home of Cardiff Devils ice hockey team. The city was awarded the title of European City of Sport twice, due to its role in hosting major international sporting events first in 2. The Principality Stadium hosted 1. Summer Olympics, including the games opening event and the mens bronze medal match. Etymologyedit. The front wall of Cardiff Castle, showing part of the original Roman fort from which the city probably derived its name. Caerdydd the Welsh name of the city derives from the earlier Welsh form Caerdyf. The change from dyf to dydd shows the colloquial alteration of Welsh fv and dd, and was perhaps also driven by folk etymology dydd is Welsh for day whereas dyf has no obvious meaning. This sound change had probably first occurred in the Middle Ages both forms were current in the Tudor period. Caerdyf has its origins in post Roman. Brythonic words meaning the fort of the Taff. The fort probably refers to that established by the Romans. Caer is Welsh for fort and dyf is in effect a form of Taf Taff, the river which flows by Cardiff Castle, with the t showing consonant mutation to d and the vowel showing affection as a result of a lost genitive case ending. The anglicised form Cardiff is derived from Caerdyf, with the Welsh fv borrowed as ff, as also happens in Taff from Welsh Taf and Llandaff from Welsh Llandaf. As English does not have the vowel the final vowel has been borrowed as. The antiquarian William Camden 1. Cardiff may derive from Caer Didi the Fort of Didius, a name supposedly given in honour of Aulus Didius Gallus, governor of a nearby province at the time when the Roman fort was established. Although some sources repeat this theory, it has been rejected on linguistic grounds by modern scholars such as Professor Gwynedd Pierce. HistoryeditOriginsedit. Tribes of Wales at the time of the Roman invasion. The modern English Welsh border is also shown. Archaeological evidence from sites in and around Cardiff the St Lythans burial chamber, near Wenvoe about four miles 6. Cardiff city centre, the Tinkinswood burial chamber, near St Nicholas about six miles 1. Cardiff city centre, the Caerarfau Chambered Tomb, Creigiau about six miles 1. Cardiff city centre and the Gwern y Cleppa Long Barrow, near Coedkernew, Newport about eight and a quarter miles 1. Cardiff city centre shows that people had settled in the area by at least around 6,0. BP, during the early Neolithic about 1,5. Stonehenge or the Great Pyramid of Giza was completed. A group of five Bronze Agetumuli is at the summit of The Garth Welsh Mynydd y Garth, within the countys northern boundary. Four Iron Agehill fort and enclosure sites have been identified within Cardiffs present day county boundaries, including Caerau Hillfort, an enclosed area of 5. Until the Roman conquest of Britain, Cardiff was part of the territory of the Silures a Celtic British tribe that flourished in the Iron Age whose territory included the areas that would become known as Breconshire, Monmouthshire and Glamorgan. The 3. 2 hectare 8 acre fort established by the Romans near the mouth of the River Taff in 7. AD, in what would become the north western boundary of the centre of Cardiff, was built over an extensive settlement that had been established by the Romans in the 5. AD. 2. 3 The fort was one of a series of military outposts associated with Isca Augusta Caerleon that acted as border defences. The fort may have been abandoned in the early 2nd century as the area had been subdued. However, by this time a civilian settlement, or vicus, was established. It was likely made up of traders who made a living from the fort, ex soldiers and their families. A Roman villa has been discovered at Ely. Contemporary with the Saxon Shore Forts of the 3rd and 4th centuries, a stone fortress was established at Cardiff. Similar to the shore forts, the fortress was built to protect Britannia from raiders. The Skeptics Society Skeptic magazine. Jim Lippard reviews two books Janet Reitmans book Inside Scientology The Story of Americas Most Secretive Religion Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2. ISBN 9. 78 0. 61. Hugh Urbans The Church of Scientology A History of a New Religion Princeton University Press, 2. ISBN 9. 78 0. 69. This article was published in Skeptic magazine 1. THERE WAS ONCE A MAN who considered himself an explorer, a military hero, a mystic, a philosopher, a nuclear physicist, and an expert in human nature. In fact, he was none of these things. He was an adventurer, a writer of pulp fiction, and a teller of tall tales. He was a college dropout, a bigamist, convicted of petty theft and fraud, and named as an unindicted co conspirator in a plot to infiltrate and steal information from U. S. government agencies. Despite his unimpressive physique, he was a larger than life, charismatic figure who persuaded thousands of people to believe in and pay large sums of money to learn more about a view of the world he constructed from a foundation of pseudoscience, bad philosophy, science fiction, and space opera. He came to believe his own claims of developing the power to shape the world to his tastes and improve ones physical and especially mental states through specific techniques he invented that precluded all psychiatric drugs, and yet he died alone with matted hair and rotting teeth, with the anti anxiety drug Vistaril in his system. He left behind a multi million dollar global empire of organizations that continue to generate interest, money, and controversy, much as they did during his lifetime, and it transformed itself in various ways, from its start as a replacement for psychotherapy, to a new religion or applied religious philosophy, to a set of technologies to be marketed and sold for the purposes of education, business management, drug abuse treatment, reducing prisoner recidivism, and combatting abuses of psychiatry. After a short period of uncertainty after his death, another man assumed authority by systematically eliminating potential competitors and controlling the flow of information within the organizations. But now the flow of information has become virtually impossible to control, and as a result, the empire shows signs of crumbling. With the aid of the Internet, those inside and outside the organizations that make up the Church of Scientology can easily find and communicate with each other, and realize that there are others who share their views and concerns. Records of past abuses in the form of documents and personal testimony are but a few short clicks away using a search engine. Virtual communities online have sprung up and flourished, and real life actions have been recorded and displayed online for all to see, producing new conditions of mutual knowledge about what has been going on in past years, and whats going on now. Acer Driver Setup Utility there. Two books published earlier this year, Inside Scientology The Story of Americas Most Secretive Religion, together provide new insight into recent events in the history of the Church of Scientology and the story that continues to unfold, much of it visible online through blogs and You. Tube videos. Inside Scientology by Rolling Stone investigative journalist Janet Reitman is a comprehensive and engaging look into the precepts, organizational structure, and history of Scientology. She tells the Churchs history largely through narratives about life within the organization taken from interviews of both major figures who achieved a high rank within the organization who recently left, and ordinary staff members what attracted them to Scientology, what kept them in the group, and how they got out when they chose to leave. She also looks briefly at the lives of young people raised in Scientology, some of whom are aware of the abuses but are still members. The Church of Scientology A History of a New Religion by Ohio State University religious studies professor Hugh B. Urban is a comparatively thin volume that takes a more academic approach and focuses more narrowly on the history of Scientology as a religion. He asks whether it counts as a legitimate religion or a mere simulacrum of one, and who gets to decide. His book looks in detail at Scientologys penchant for secrecy and cold war intelligence practices, its battles with the IRS for tax exempt status, and its conflicts with the Internet and the Anonymous collective, devoting a full chapter to each of these. The practices and history of the Church of Scientology have been discussed in detail in numerous prior books noted above, but Reitmans is probably the best comprehensive overview in one book that has yet been produced. Urbans is a unique contribution covering new ground, which also stands on its own, but together they are complementary, with Urban filling in more detail where Reitmans coverage is scanty, such as on Scientologys battles with the Internet. What follows will recount some of what is new and different in these books, including how Scientology became a religion, how David Miscavige assumed control of the organization after its founders death, how it won its battle for tax exempt status with the IRS, and how the death of Lisa Mc. Pherson, Tom Cruises renewed zeal for the church, and its battles on the Internet have contributed to its decline and the exposure of abuses going on inside. L. Ron Hubbard, Dianetics, and Scientologys Transition to a Religion. Any history of Scientology must begin with the biography of its founder, pulp science fiction writer L. Ron Hubbard, who had an extensive record of biographical fabrication and exaggeration. While there is little new material on Hubbards life or the early days of Dianetics and Scientology in either Reitmans or Urbans books, both present it from new perspectives. Reitman uses the personal accounts of recent ex Scientologists such as Jeff Hawkins, who discovered Scientology in 1. Sierra Madre Canyon after becoming dissatisfied with the hippie scene, and ended up signing a billion year contract and living on a ship in Hubbards Sea Organization before it came ashore in Clearwater, Florida. Urban, on the other hand, identifies precursors of Scientology tenets in Hubbards experiences and fiction, arguing that Hubbard was an entrepreneur and spiritual bricoleur, using the French anthropologist Claude Lvi Strausss term for a creative recycler of cultural wares who appropriates another range of commodities by placing them in a symbolic ensemble p. Those precursors include excerpts from an unpublished Hubbard work titled Excalibur, written in 1. Hubbard learned the secrets of reality from a near death experience during an operation p. Both authors steer clear of some of the more embarrassing details of Hubbards life, including his expressions of racism and homophobia,6 although Urban does point out the anti religious sentiments expressed by Hubbard in some of his early 1. Christianity. For example, there is a recording of Hubbard stating that there was no Christ and that the idea of the crucifixion is part of an implant, or fixed false memory designed to be harmful to the recipient, called R6. It is worthy of note though neither Urban nor Reitman do that Hubbard reported reading arguments for atheism in 1. Bremerton, Washington from Guam, writing in his journal that Dick and I have been reading up on atheism. Such a terrible thing to make an issue of.